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1
Analog Engineer's Pocket Reference
Conversions
1. Standard decimal prefixes
2. Metric conversions
3. Temperature scale conversions
4. Error conversions ppm and percentage
5. Notes
Discrete Components
1. Resistor color code
2. Capacitor specifications
3. Capacitance type overview
4. Diodes and LEDs
5. Bipolar junction transistors (BJT)
6. Junction field effect transistors (JFET)
7. Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET)
8. Notes
Analog
1. Resistor equations
2. Power equations
3. Capacitor equations
4. Inductor equations
5. RMS and mean voltage
6. Logarithmic mathematical definitions
  1. Alternative notations
7. dB definitions
  1. Bode plot basics
  2. Definitions
  3. Log scale
  4. Time to phase shift
  5. Bode plots: Poles
8. Pole (equations)
  1. Bode plots (zeros)
  2. Zero (equations)
9. Notes
Amplifier
1. Basic op amp configurations
  1. Simple non-inverting amp with Cf filter
  2. Simple inverting amp with Cf filter
  3. Differential filter cutoff
  4. Calculating amplifier offset voltage
2. Op amp bandwidth
  1. Small signal step response
3. Full power bandwidth
4. Large signal response (slew rate)
5. Settling Time
6. Combining noise sources
  1. Averaging noise sources
  2. Noise bandwidth calculation
    1. Broadband total noise calculation
  3. 1/f total noise calculation
  4. Thermal noise calculation
  5. Op amp noise model
  6. Total noise calculations
7. AC response versus frequency (dominant 2-pole system)
8. Stability open loop SPICE analysis
  1. Stability transient square wave lab test
  2. Stability AC sine wave lab test
9. Power dissipation calculation
10. Electrical overstress (EOS) protection
11. Notes
PCB and Wire
1. PCB and Wire
2. PCB trace resistance for 1 oz-Cu
3. PCB trace resistance for 2 oz-Cu
4. Common package type and dimensions
5. PCB parallel plate capacitance
6. PCB microstrip capacitance and inductance
7. PCB adjacent copper traces
8. PCB via capacitance and inductance
9. Coaxial cable equations
10. Notes
Sensor
Digital
1. Binary/hex conversions
  1. Numbering systems: Binary, decimal, and hexadecimal
  2. Data formats
    1. Converting two’s complement to decimal: Negative number example
    2. Converting two’s complement to decimal: Positive number example
2. Digital logic thresholds
3. Serial peripheral interface
  1. SPI bus (Serial Peripheral Interface) hardware overview
    1. Data and control lines
  2. SPI data latching
    1. SPI read sequence example
  3. SPI critical edge
  4. SPI modes
4. Inter-integrated circuit (I2C) bus
  1. I2C bus (Inter-Integrated Circuit) hardware overview
    1. Data and control lines
  2. I2C addressing
  3. I2C communication
  4. I2C interface circuitry and rise/fall timing
  5. I2C pull-up resistor selection
5. Notes
ADC
1. ADC transfer function
  1. ADC definitions
  2. ADC resolution for unipolar
    1. Full-scale range (FSR) unipolar
  3. ADC resolution for bipolar
    1. Full-scale range (FSR) bipolar
  4. Resolution voltage vs. full-scale range
2. Quantization error of ADC
  1. Quantization error
3. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from quantization noise only
4. Total harmonic distortion (VRMS)
5. Total harmonic distortion (dBc)
6. AC signals
  1. Signal-to-noise and distortion (SINAD) and effective number of bits (ENOB)
7. DC signals
  1. Noise free resolution and effective resolution
8. Settling time and conversion accuracy
9. ADC system noise calculation
10. Effect of clock jitter on ADC SNR
11. Notes
DAC
1. DAC errors
  1. DAC definitions
  2. DAC offset error
  3. DAC gain error
  4. DAC zero-code error / negative full-scale error
  5. DAC bipolar zero error
  6. DAC full-scale error
2. DAC non-linearity
  1. DAC differential non-linearity
  2. DAC integral non-linearity
3. DAC total unadjusted error
4. Notes
Multiplexer
1. CMOS switch construction
2. ON-resistance (RON)
3. RON flatness
4. Effective op amp gain including MUX RON
  1. Design tips
5. ON and OFF capacitance (CON/ COFF)
6. Leakage current
  1. Off leakage current
  2. On leakage current
7. Charge injection (QINJ)
8. Bandwidth (BW)
9. Channel-to-channel crosstalk (XTALK)
10. OFF-isolation
11. Total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N)
12. Notes
TI Worldwide Technical Support

PCB via capacitance and inductance

Equation 170.

L (nH) \approx k_{L} \cdot h [1 + \ln (\frac{4 h}{d})]

Figure 68 Inductance for via

Equation 171.

C (pF) \approx \frac{k_{C} \cdot ε_{r} \cdot h \cdot d_{1}}{d_{2} ? d_{1}}

Figure 69 Capacitance for via

Where

k_L = PCB inductance per unit length.

Both the metric and imperial version of the constant are given.

k_L = 0.2nH/mm, or 5.076 × 10^–3nH/mil

k_C = PCB capacitance per unit length.

Both the metric and imperial version of the constant are given.

k_C = 0.0555pF/mm, or 1.41 × 10^–3pF/mil

h = separation between planes

d = diameter of via hole

d₁ = diameter of the pad surrounding the via

d₂ = distance to inner layer ground plane

ε_r = PCB dielectric constant (ε_r ≈ 4.5 for FR-4)

Figure 70 Inductance and capacitance of via

Example

Calculate the total inductance and capacitance if h = 1.6mm, d = 0.4mm, d₁ = 0.8mm, and d₂ = 1.5mm.

Answer

Equation 172.

\begin{array}{l} L (nH) \approx (0.2 nH / mm) \cdot (1.6 mm) [1 + \ln (\frac{4 \cdot 1.6 mm}{0.4 mm})] = 1.2 nH \\ C (pF) \approx \frac{(0.0555 pF / mm) \cdot (4.5) \cdot (1.6 mm) \cdot (0.8 mm)}{1.5 mm ? 0.8 mm} = 0.46 pF \end{array}

Example

Calculate the total inductance and capacitance if h = 63mil, d = 15.8mil, d₁ = 31.5mil, and d₂ = 59mil.

Answer

L = 1.2nH, C = 0.46pF. Note: this is the same example as above with imperial units.

Table 20 Coaxial cable information

Type	Z_O	Capacitance / length (pF/feet)	Outside diameter (inches)	dB attenuation /100 ft at 750 MHz	Dielectric type	Application
RG-58	53.5?	28.8	0.195	13.1	PE	Test equipment and RF power to a few hundred watts, and a couple hundred MHz
RG-8	52?	29.6	0.405	5.96	PE	RF power to a few kW, up to several hundred MHz
RG-214/U	50?	30.8	0.425	6.7	PE
9914	50?	26.0	0.405	4.0	PE
RG-6	75?	20	0.270	5.6	PF	Video and CATV applications. RF to a few hundred watts, up to a few hundred MHz, sometimes to higher frequencies if losses can be tolerated.
RG-59/U	73?	29	0.242	9.7	PE
RG-11/U	75?	17	0.412	3.65	PE	RF power to a few kW, up to several hundred MHz
RG-62/U	93?	13.5	0.242	7.1	ASP	Used in some test equipment and 100? video applications
RG-174	50?	31	0.100	23.5	PE	Miniature coax used primarily for test equipment interconnection. Usually short runs due to higher loss.
RG-178/U	50?	29	0.071	42.7	ST