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1
Analog Engineer's Pocket Reference
Conversions
1. Standard decimal prefixes
2. Metric conversions
3. Temperature scale conversions
4. Error conversions ppm and percentage
5. Notes
Discrete Components
1. Resistor color code
2. Capacitor specifications
3. Capacitance type overview
4. Diodes and LEDs
5. Bipolar junction transistors (BJT)
6. Junction field effect transistors (JFET)
7. Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET)
8. Notes
Analog
1. Resistor equations
2. Power equations
3. Capacitor equations
4. Inductor equations
5. RMS and mean voltage
6. Logarithmic mathematical definitions
  1. Alternative notations
7. dB definitions
  1. Bode plot basics
  2. Definitions
  3. Log scale
  4. Time to phase shift
  5. Bode plots: Poles
8. Pole (equations)
  1. Bode plots (zeros)
  2. Zero (equations)
9. Notes
Amplifier
1. Basic op amp configurations
  1. Simple non-inverting amp with Cf filter
  2. Simple inverting amp with Cf filter
  3. Differential filter cutoff
  4. Calculating amplifier offset voltage
2. Op amp bandwidth
  1. Small signal step response
3. Full power bandwidth
4. Large signal response (slew rate)
5. Settling Time
6. Combining noise sources
  1. Averaging noise sources
  2. Noise bandwidth calculation
    1. Broadband total noise calculation
  3. 1/f total noise calculation
  4. Thermal noise calculation
  5. Op amp noise model
  6. Total noise calculations
7. AC response versus frequency (dominant 2-pole system)
8. Stability open loop SPICE analysis
  1. Stability transient square wave lab test
  2. Stability AC sine wave lab test
9. Power dissipation calculation
10. Electrical overstress (EOS) protection
11. Notes
PCB and Wire
1. PCB and Wire
2. PCB trace resistance for 1 oz-Cu
3. PCB trace resistance for 2 oz-Cu
4. Common package type and dimensions
5. PCB parallel plate capacitance
6. PCB microstrip capacitance and inductance
7. PCB adjacent copper traces
8. PCB via capacitance and inductance
9. Coaxial cable equations
10. Notes
Sensor
Digital
1. Binary/hex conversions
  1. Numbering systems: Binary, decimal, and hexadecimal
  2. Data formats
    1. Converting two’s complement to decimal: Negative number example
    2. Converting two’s complement to decimal: Positive number example
2. Digital logic thresholds
3. Serial peripheral interface
  1. SPI bus (Serial Peripheral Interface) hardware overview
    1. Data and control lines
  2. SPI data latching
    1. SPI read sequence example
  3. SPI critical edge
  4. SPI modes
4. Inter-integrated circuit (I2C) bus
  1. I2C bus (Inter-Integrated Circuit) hardware overview
    1. Data and control lines
  2. I2C addressing
  3. I2C communication
  4. I2C interface circuitry and rise/fall timing
  5. I2C pull-up resistor selection
5. Notes
ADC
1. ADC transfer function
  1. ADC definitions
  2. ADC resolution for unipolar
    1. Full-scale range (FSR) unipolar
  3. ADC resolution for bipolar
    1. Full-scale range (FSR) bipolar
  4. Resolution voltage vs. full-scale range
2. Quantization error of ADC
  1. Quantization error
3. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from quantization noise only
4. Total harmonic distortion (VRMS)
5. Total harmonic distortion (dBc)
6. AC signals
  1. Signal-to-noise and distortion (SINAD) and effective number of bits (ENOB)
7. DC signals
  1. Noise free resolution and effective resolution
8. Settling time and conversion accuracy
9. ADC system noise calculation
10. Effect of clock jitter on ADC SNR
11. Notes
DAC
1. DAC errors
  1. DAC definitions
  2. DAC offset error
  3. DAC gain error
  4. DAC zero-code error / negative full-scale error
  5. DAC bipolar zero error
  6. DAC full-scale error
2. DAC non-linearity
  1. DAC differential non-linearity
  2. DAC integral non-linearity
3. DAC total unadjusted error
4. Notes
Multiplexer
1. CMOS switch construction
2. ON-resistance (RON)
3. RON flatness
4. Effective op amp gain including MUX RON
  1. Design tips
5. ON and OFF capacitance (CON/ COFF)
6. Leakage current
  1. Off leakage current
  2. On leakage current
7. Charge injection (QINJ)
8. Bandwidth (BW)
9. Channel-to-channel crosstalk (XTALK)
10. OFF-isolation
11. Total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N)
12. Notes
TI Worldwide Technical Support

Capacitance type overview

Practical capacitors vs. frequency

Figure 3 Effect of ESR and ESL on capacitor frequency response

Table 11 Capacitor type overview

Capacitor type	Description
C0G/NP0 (Type 1 ceramic)	Use in signal path, filtering, low distortion, audio, and precision Limited capacitance range: 0.1 pF to 0.47 μF Lowest temperature coefficient: ±30 ppm/°C Low-voltage coefficient Minimal piezoelectric effect Good tolerance: ±1% to ±10% Temperature range: –55°C to 125°C (150°C and higher) Voltage range may be limited for larger capacitance values
X7R (Type 2 ceramic)	Use for decoupling and other applications where accuracy and low distortion are not required X7R is an example of a type 2 ceramic capacitor See EIA capacitor tolerance table for details on other types Capacitance range: 10 pF to 47 μF Temperature coefficient: ±833 ppm/°C (±15% across temp range) Substantial voltage coefficient Tolerance: ±5% to –20%/+80% Temperature range: –55°C to 125°C Voltage range may be limited for larger capacitance values
Y5V (Type 2 ceramic)	Use for decoupling and other applications where accuracy and low distortion are not required Y5V is an example of a type 2 ceramic capacitor See EIA capacitor tolerance table for details on other types Temperature coefficient: –20%/+80% across temp range Temperature range: –30°C to 85°C Other characteristics are similar to X7R and other type 2 ceramic
Aluminum oxide electrolytic	Use for bulk decoupling and other applications where large capacitance is required Note that electrolytic capacitors are polarized and will be damaged, if a reverse polarity connection is made Capacitance range: 1 μF to 68,000 μF Temperature coefficient: ±30 ppm/°C Substantial voltage coefficient Tolerance: ±20% Temperature range: –55°C to 125°C (150°C and higher) Higher ESR than other types
Tantalum electrolytic	Capacitance range: 1 μF to 150 μF Similar to aluminum oxide but smaller size
Polypropylene film	Capacitance range: 100 pF to 10 μF Very low voltage coefficient (low distortion) Higher cost than other types Larger size per capacitance than other types Temperature coefficient: 2% across temp range Temperature range: –55°C to 100°C

Capacitor type

Description

C0G/NP0

(Type 1 ceramic)

Use in signal path, filtering, low distortion, audio, and precision

Limited capacitance range: 0.1 pF to 0.47 μF

Lowest temperature coefficient: ±30 ppm/°C

Low-voltage coefficient

Minimal piezoelectric effect

Good tolerance: ±1% to ±10%

Temperature range: –55°C to 125°C (150°C and higher)

Voltage range may be limited for larger capacitance values

X7R

(Type 2 ceramic)

Use for decoupling and other applications where accuracy and low distortion are not required

X7R is an example of a type 2 ceramic capacitor

See EIA capacitor tolerance table for details on other types

Capacitance range: 10 pF to 47 μF

Temperature coefficient: ±833 ppm/°C (±15% across temp range)

Substantial voltage coefficient

Tolerance: ±5% to –20%/+80%

Temperature range: –55°C to 125°C

Voltage range may be limited for larger capacitance values

Y5V

(Type 2 ceramic)

Use for decoupling and other applications where accuracy and low distortion are not required

Y5V is an example of a type 2 ceramic capacitor

See EIA capacitor tolerance table for details on other types

Temperature coefficient: –20%/+80% across temp range

Temperature range: –30°C to 85°C

Other characteristics are similar to X7R and other type 2 ceramic

Aluminum oxide electrolytic

Use for bulk decoupling and other applications where large capacitance is required

Note that electrolytic capacitors are polarized and will be damaged, if a reverse polarity connection is made

Capacitance range: 1 μF to 68,000 μF

Temperature coefficient: ±30 ppm/°C

Substantial voltage coefficient Tolerance: ±20%

Temperature range: –55°C to 125°C (150°C and higher)

Higher ESR than other types

Tantalum electrolytic

Capacitance range: 1 μF to 150 μF

Similar to aluminum oxide but smaller size

Polypropylene film

Capacitance range: 100 pF to 10 μF

Very low voltage coefficient (low distortion)

Higher cost than other types

Larger size per capacitance than other types

Temperature coefficient: 2% across temp range

Temperature range: –55°C to 100°C

Table 12 Standard capacitance

Standard capacitance table
1	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.6	1.8	2	2.2	2.4	2.7	3
3.3	3.6	3.9	4.3	4.7	5.1	5.6	6.2	6.8	7.5	8.2	9.1

Figure 4 Capacitor marking code

Table 13 Ceramic capacitor tolerance markings

Code	Tolerance	Code	Tolerance
B	± 0.1 pF	J	± 5%
C	± 0.25 pF	K	± 10%
D	± 0.5 pF	M	± 20%
F	± 1%	Z	+ 80%, –20%
G	± 2%

Table 14 EIA capacitor tolerance markings (Type 2 capacitors)

First letter symbol	Low temp limit	Second number symbol	High temp limit	Second letter symbol	Max. capacitance change over temperature rating
Z	+10°C	2	+45°C	A	±1.0%
Y	–30°C	4	+65°C	B	±1.5%
X	–55°C	5	+85°C	C	±2.2%
		6	+105°C	D	±3.3%
		7	+125°C	E	±4.7%
				F	±7.5%
				P	±10.0%
				R	±15.0%
				S	±22.0%
				T	±22% ~ 33%
				U	±22% ~ 56%
				V	±22% ~ 82%

Example

X7R: –55°C to +125°C, ±15.0%

Standard capacitance table
1	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.6	1.8	2	2.2	2.4	2.7	3
3.3	3.6	3.9	4.3	4.7	5.1	5.6	6.2	6.8	7.5	8.2	9.1

Standard capacitance table
1	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.6	1.8	2	2.2	2.4	2.7	3
3.3	3.6	3.9	4.3	4.7	5.1	5.6	6.2	6.8	7.5	8.2	9.1

Standard capacitance table
1	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.5	1.6	1.8	2	2.2	2.4	2.7	3
3.3	3.6	3.9	4.3	4.7	5.1	5.6	6.2	6.8	7.5	8.2	9.1