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1
Analog Engineer's Pocket Reference
Conversions
1. Standard decimal prefixes
2. Metric conversions
3. Temperature scale conversions
4. Error conversions ppm and percentage
5. Notes
Discrete Components
1. Resistor color code
2. Capacitor specifications
3. Capacitance type overview
4. Diodes and LEDs
5. Bipolar junction transistors (BJT)
6. Junction field effect transistors (JFET)
7. Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET)
8. Notes
Analog
1. Resistor equations
2. Power equations
3. Capacitor equations
4. Inductor equations
5. RMS and mean voltage
6. Logarithmic mathematical definitions
  1. Alternative notations
7. dB definitions
  1. Bode plot basics
  2. Definitions
  3. Log scale
  4. Time to phase shift
  5. Bode plots: Poles
8. Pole (equations)
  1. Bode plots (zeros)
  2. Zero (equations)
9. Notes
Amplifier
1. Basic op amp configurations
  1. Simple non-inverting amp with Cf filter
  2. Simple inverting amp with Cf filter
  3. Differential filter cutoff
  4. Calculating amplifier offset voltage
2. Op amp bandwidth
  1. Small signal step response
3. Full power bandwidth
4. Large signal response (slew rate)
5. Settling Time
6. Combining noise sources
  1. Averaging noise sources
  2. Noise bandwidth calculation
    1. Broadband total noise calculation
  3. 1/f total noise calculation
  4. Thermal noise calculation
  5. Op amp noise model
  6. Total noise calculations
7. AC response versus frequency (dominant 2-pole system)
8. Stability open loop SPICE analysis
  1. Stability transient square wave lab test
  2. Stability AC sine wave lab test
9. Power dissipation calculation
10. Electrical overstress (EOS) protection
11. Notes
PCB and Wire
1. PCB and Wire
2. PCB trace resistance for 1 oz-Cu
3. PCB trace resistance for 2 oz-Cu
4. Common package type and dimensions
5. PCB parallel plate capacitance
6. PCB microstrip capacitance and inductance
7. PCB adjacent copper traces
8. PCB via capacitance and inductance
9. Coaxial cable equations
10. Notes
Sensor
Digital
1. Binary/hex conversions
  1. Numbering systems: Binary, decimal, and hexadecimal
  2. Data formats
    1. Converting two’s complement to decimal: Negative number example
    2. Converting two’s complement to decimal: Positive number example
2. Digital logic thresholds
3. Serial peripheral interface
  1. SPI bus (Serial Peripheral Interface) hardware overview
    1. Data and control lines
  2. SPI data latching
    1. SPI read sequence example
  3. SPI critical edge
  4. SPI modes
4. Inter-integrated circuit (I2C) bus
  1. I2C bus (Inter-Integrated Circuit) hardware overview
    1. Data and control lines
  2. I2C addressing
  3. I2C communication
  4. I2C interface circuitry and rise/fall timing
  5. I2C pull-up resistor selection
5. Notes
ADC
1. ADC transfer function
  1. ADC definitions
  2. ADC resolution for unipolar
    1. Full-scale range (FSR) unipolar
  3. ADC resolution for bipolar
    1. Full-scale range (FSR) bipolar
  4. Resolution voltage vs. full-scale range
2. Quantization error of ADC
  1. Quantization error
3. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from quantization noise only
4. Total harmonic distortion (VRMS)
5. Total harmonic distortion (dBc)
6. AC signals
  1. Signal-to-noise and distortion (SINAD) and effective number of bits (ENOB)
7. DC signals
  1. Noise free resolution and effective resolution
8. Settling time and conversion accuracy
9. ADC system noise calculation
10. Effect of clock jitter on ADC SNR
11. Notes
DAC
1. DAC errors
  1. DAC definitions
  2. DAC offset error
  3. DAC gain error
  4. DAC zero-code error / negative full-scale error
  5. DAC bipolar zero error
  6. DAC full-scale error
2. DAC non-linearity
  1. DAC differential non-linearity
  2. DAC integral non-linearity
3. DAC total unadjusted error
4. Notes
Multiplexer
1. CMOS switch construction
2. ON-resistance (RON)
3. RON flatness
4. Effective op amp gain including MUX RON
  1. Design tips
5. ON and OFF capacitance (CON/ COFF)
6. Leakage current
  1. Off leakage current
  2. On leakage current
7. Charge injection (QINJ)
8. Bandwidth (BW)
9. Channel-to-channel crosstalk (XTALK)
10. OFF-isolation
11. Total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N)
12. Notes
TI Worldwide Technical Support

DAC gain error

Gain error describes the deviation from the ideal slope of the DAC transfer function. Similar to offset error, this specification is measured at the DAC output using a two- point line of best fit, which is then compared against the ideal gain and expressed in a percentage.

Figure 99 Gain error illustration

General equation for best fit line

Equation 231.

V_{OUT} = m_{m} ? Code + Offset

Measured slope

Equation 232.

m_{m} = \frac{V_{OUT 2} ? V_{OUT 1}}{{Code}_{2} ? {Code}_{1}}

Gain error in percentage

Equation 233.

GE = (\frac{m_{m} ? m_{ideal}}{m_{ideal}}) \cdot 100

Where

V_OUT = DAC output voltage

m_m = measured slope

Code = input digital code

Offset = the offset of a best fit line

Note: (Code₁, V_OUT1) and (Code₂, V_OUT2) are two data points on the measured transfer function. See Figure 98.